If you need to file taxes in the United States but don’t have a Social Security number (SSN), don’t worry—you still have options. Many individuals, including immigrants, foreign workers, and non-resident aliens, may not be eligible for an SSN but still need to file taxes with the IRS. This guide walks you through the process of filing taxes without an SSN, applying for an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN), and how this impacts your credit-building journey in the U.S.
Do You Need an SSN to File Taxes?
Contrary to popular belief, you do not need a Social Security number or physical Social Security card to file a tax return. However, the IRS does require an approved identification number. If you're not eligible for an SSN, you can use an ITIN instead. This number allows you to file your federal tax return, comply with tax laws, and even support future immigration cases.
What is an ITIN?
An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) is issued by the IRS to individuals who are not eligible for a Social Security number but need to meet tax obligations in the U.S. ITINs are used for tax reporting purposes only and are available regardless of your immigration status.
An ITIN does NOT:
- Authorize you to work in the U.S.
- Make you eligible for Social Security benefits
- Provide legal immigration status
- Serve as proof of legal presence in the United States
However, applying for and using an ITIN to file taxes can demonstrate tax compliance, which may be helpful in future immigration proceedings and when building a credit profile.
How to Apply for an ITIN
There are three main ways to apply for an ITIN:
By Mail: Fill out Form W-7 and submit it with your federal tax return, plus original or certified copies of your identification documents. Send it to:
Internal Revenue Service
Austin Service Center
ITIN Operation
P.O. Box 149342
- Austin, TX 78714-9342
- With an In-Person Agent: Use a Certifying Acceptance Agent (CAA) authorized by the IRS to help you complete and file Form W-7.
- At an IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center: Schedule an appointment and submit your application in person.
Tip: If you're concerned about mailing original documents, consider applying in person to reduce the risk of identity theft.
How Long Does It Take to Get an ITIN?
If your application is complete, the IRS usually processes it within 7 weeks. However, during peak times, processing can take 9 to 11 weeks. If you mailed original documents, the IRS typically returns them within 60 days.
Determine Your Tax Residency Status
Your residency status affects how you file taxes. Visit the IRS website or consult a tax professional to determine whether you’re considered a resident or nonresident alien. This will help you understand which tax return forms to use and what credits or deductions you may be eligible for.
Filing Taxes Using Your ITIN
Once you receive your ITIN, you can use it in place of an SSN on your federal tax return forms. Just enter the ITIN where the form asks for a Social Security number. Be sure to file by the IRS deadline (usually mid-April) to avoid penalties.
Processing Time and Refund Status
IRS refund processing usually takes more than 21 days. You can check the status of your refund using the "Where’s My Refund?" tool on the IRS website. Delays may occur due to errors, incomplete information, or if you submitted a paper return.
Who Needs to File Taxes Without an SSN?
The IRS requires tax filing from:
- Nonresident aliens with a tax filing requirement
- Resident aliens who meet the filing threshold
- Dependents or spouses of U.S. citizens or resident aliens
- Dependents or spouses of nonresident visa holders
Even if you don’t owe taxes, filing a return can allow you to claim deductions, credits, or refunds. Failing to file when required can result in penalties and immigration consequences.
Documents You’ll Need to File Taxes
While each individual’s situation varies, here are commonly required documents:
- Form W-2: Reports income and tax withheld from employment
- Form 1099: Used by freelancers and independent contractors
- Form 1099-K or 1099-MISC: Reports digital payments or miscellaneous income
- Form 1099-INT: Reports interest income
- Bank routing and account numbers: Needed for direct deposit refunds or payments
Getting a Social Security Number
Only noncitizens authorized to work in the U.S. are eligible for a Social Security number. You can apply for an SSN either from your home country before arriving or in person at a U.S. Social Security office using Form SS-5.
An SSN can help you:
- Get a driver’s license
- Open a bank account
- Apply for loans and government benefits
- Start building credit
What If You Lose Your SSN Card?
You can replace your SSN card by applying online through the SSA website or visiting a Social Security office in person.
Filing Taxes Without an SSN and Building Credit
While filing taxes alone doesn't directly build your credit, consistently complying with federal tax laws—especially with an ITIN—lays a foundation of financial responsibility. This can be helpful when applying for credit-builder loans, opening secured credit cards, or working with credit-building apps like Ava Finance.
Some credit-building platforms accept ITINs in place of SSNs when reporting to credit bureaus, making them more accessible for noncitizens or new immigrants. If you're looking to grow your financial future, start by staying on top of your tax responsibilities and choosing credit tools designed with accessibility in mind.
Conclusion: Taking Control of Your Finances Without an SSN
Filing taxes without a Social Security number may seem overwhelming, but with the right guidance and preparation, it’s entirely possible. Applying for an ITIN, gathering the correct documents, and understanding your tax obligations are all steps that help you remain compliant and take control of your financial future in the U.S.
If you're also looking to build your credit, Ava Finance offers a reliable way to start. With tools designed for individuals with ITINs or limited credit history, Ava makes credit-building more accessible—helping you move one step closer to financial independence.
